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Rotational Motion
Angular Displacement
Remember: Linear displacement = Final position – Initial position
\[∆𝑥=𝑥_2−𝑥_1\]
Angular displacement = Final angle – Initial angle
\[∆𝜃=𝜃_2−𝜃_1\]
If an object moves from one point to another and travels an arc of length 's' on the circumference of a circle of radius 'r', then the angle subtended by the arc is called angular displacement and is denoted by θ
\[𝜃 =\frac{s}{r}\]
Note: Angular displacement is a vector quantity. If rotation is counterclockwise, it takes a positive sign (+), and if rotation is clockwise, it takes a negative sign (-)
Radian: The radian represents the unit for measuring angular coordinates
Unit Conversion: You may find angular displacement measured in degrees or revolutions (rev). The angle is converted to radians according to the following conversion factors:
Conversion factor from revolutions to radians
Conversion factor from degrees to radians
\[2𝜋 (rad)= 1 \text{ rev}\]
\[𝜋 (rad )= 180^0\]
Example: A body moving in circular motion covers an angular displacement of 2.25 revolutions. How much is this in radians?
Example: A body covers an angular displacement of 120 degrees. How much is this in radians?
\[𝜃 = 2.25 × 2𝜋 =14.13 \text{ rad}\]
\[𝜃 = 120^0 × \frac{𝜋}{180}=2.1 \text{ rad}\]
Angular Velocity
Remember: The linear velocity of an object is the change in linear coordinates of the object with respect to time
Angular velocity of an object: is the change in angular coordinate of the object with time
\[W_{avg}=\frac{∆𝜃 (rad)}{∆t (s)}= \frac{𝜃_2 - 𝜃_1}{t_2 -t_1}\]
Experiment 1: Measuring Angular Velocity
Make the circular motion uniform (aγ=0.0)
Press on the (𝜃-t) graph
Time Period
Final Angular Displacement
Initial Angular Displacement
\[t_2 - t_1= ....s\]
\[𝜃_2= .....rad\]
\[𝜃_1= ....rad\]
Angular Velocity
Direction of Angular Velocity
\[W= \frac{𝜃_2 - 𝜃_1}{t_2 -t_1}= ......rad/s\]
Angular velocity = Rate of change of angle over time
Counterclockwise rotation
Clockwise rotation
Useful Information: Angular Velocity and Linear Velocity
The linear velocity vector is always tangent to the circumference of the circle and points in the direction of motion, coinciding with the tangential unit vector
Note: The linear velocity vector is always perpendicular to the radial position vector
\[\vec r . \vec v = 0\]
There is a relationship between linear velocity and angular velocity
\[v = r \cdot w\]
\[1 \star\]
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Angular Displacement
Remember: Linear displacement = Final position – Initial position
Angular displacement = Final angle – Initial angle
If an object moves from one point to another and travels an arc of length 's' on the circumference of a circle of radius 'r', then the angle subtended by the arc is called angular displacement and is denoted by θ
Note: Angular displacement is a vector quantity. If rotation is counterclockwise, it takes a positive sign (+), and if rotation is clockwise, it takes a negative sign (-)
Radian: The radian represents the unit for measuring angular coordinates
Unit Conversion: You may find angular displacement measured in degrees or revolutions (rev). The angle is converted to radians according to the following conversion factors:
| Conversion factor from revolutions to radians | Conversion factor from degrees to radians |
\[2𝜋 (rad)= 1 \text{ rev}\] |
\[𝜋 (rad )= 180^0\] |
| Example: A body moving in circular motion covers an angular displacement of 2.25 revolutions. How much is this in radians? | Example: A body covers an angular displacement of 120 degrees. How much is this in radians? |
\[𝜃 = 2.25 × 2𝜋 =14.13 \text{ rad}\] |
\[𝜃 = 120^0 × \frac{𝜋}{180}=2.1 \text{ rad}\] |
Angular Velocity
Remember: The linear velocity of an object is the change in linear coordinates of the object with respect to time
Angular velocity of an object: is the change in angular coordinate of the object with time
Experiment 1: Measuring Angular Velocity
Make the circular motion uniform (aγ=0.0)
Press on the (𝜃-t) graph
| Time Period | Final Angular Displacement | Initial Angular Displacement |
| \[t_2 - t_1= ....s\] | \[𝜃_2= .....rad\] | \[𝜃_1= ....rad\] |
| Angular Velocity | Direction of Angular Velocity |
|
\[W= \frac{𝜃_2 - 𝜃_1}{t_2 -t_1}= ......rad/s\] Angular velocity = Rate of change of angle over time |
Counterclockwise rotation Clockwise rotation |
Useful Information: Angular Velocity and Linear Velocity
The linear velocity vector is always tangent to the circumference of the circle and points in the direction of motion, coinciding with the tangential unit vector
Note: The linear velocity vector is always perpendicular to the radial position vector
There is a relationship between linear velocity and angular velocity
An object moves in uniform rotational motion, completing one revolution per second. Its angular velocity in rad/s is:
Choose the correct answer
A fan rotates with an angular speed of 60𝜋 rad/s. The angle covered by one of its blades in 3 seconds equals:
Choose the correct answer
A fan moves in a uniform circular path with radius 60 cm, completing three revolutions in 2 seconds. Its linear velocity in m/s equals:
Choose the correct answer
Useful Information: Angular Acceleration
Average angular acceleration (𝛼): It is the rate of change of angular velocity
Measured in units of rad/s²
Angular acceleration in circular motion occurs when an object moves in circular motion with non-constant speed
There is a relationship between angular acceleration and linear acceleration
Experiment 2: Measuring Angular Acceleration
Make the circular motion non-uniform
Move the angular acceleration slider and set a value not equal to zero
Press on the (w-t) graph
| Time Period | Final Angular Velocity | Initial Angular Velocity |
| \[t_2 - t_1= ....s\] | \[w_2= .....rad/s\] | \[w_1= ....rad/s\] |
| Angular Acceleration | Linear (Tangential) Acceleration |
| \[𝛼 = a𝛾 = \frac{w_2 - w_1}{t_2 - t_1}= ......\frac{rad}{s^2}\] Average angular acceleration = Rate of change of angular velocity over time |
Press on the tangential acceleration icon (𝑎𝜀= at) Observe the direction of tangential acceleration \[a_t = 𝛼 \cdot r = ......\frac{m}{s^2}\]If we have an object moving in a circular path with variable speed, there is angular acceleration and thus linear acceleration |
A car wheel moves at a speed of 10 rad/s, then changes its speed to 15 rad/s over a period of 10 seconds. The angular acceleration of the wheel equals:
Choose the correct answer
Torque
We say that a force has torque if the force is capable of causing rotational motion of an object around an axis of rotation. It is a vector quantity that measures the ability of a force to rotate an object around a certain axis, defined as the product of the force and the lever arm length, called torque.
Torque is denoted by the Greek letter 'tau' (τ), and its unit in the International System of Units is Newton-meter (N·m).
Torque Calculation Simulation
باستطاعتنا باستخدام قاعدة اليد اليمنى لإيجاد اتجاه متجه عزم الدوران. إذا وضعنا أصابعنا في اتجاه الذراع، وقمنا بلفها باتجاه القوة، سيشير الإبهام باتجاه متجه عزم الدوران.
\[5 \star\]في الشكل أدناه قوتين متساويتين أثرت على جسم قابل للدوران فأصبح الجسم يدور فإن أحد الإجابات التالية صحيحة
أختر الإجابة الصحيحة
محصلة العزوم
قد يكون هناك أكثر من قوة واحدة تؤثر على جسم ما، كل واحدة من هذه القوى قد تؤثر على الجسم من نقاط مختلفة. ثم إن كل قوة من هذه القوى ستولد عزم دوران على الجسم، ويكون عزم الدوران الكلي مجموع عزوم الدوران الفردية. ويكون اتجاه الدوران باتجاه العزم الأكبر.
مثال: محصلة العزوم
أوجد محصلة العزم. الجسم متأثر بقوتين وقابل للدوران حول محور يقع في مركز الجسم
F₁ = F₂ = 50 N
r₁ = 30 cm, r₂ = 50 cm
الحل:
القوة الأولى مقدارها 50 نيوتن وتبعد 30 سانتي متر عن محور الدوران والقوة تصنع زاوية 90 درجة مع الذراع وتجعل الجسم يدور عكس عقارب الساعة فإن عزمها موجب.
القوة الثانية مقدارها 50 نيوتن وتبعد 50 سانتي متر عن محور الدوران والقوة تصنع زاوية 60 درجة مع الذراع وتجعل الجسم يدور مع عقارب الساعة فإن عزمها سالب.
حساب محصلة العزم الكلي:
الإشارة السالبة تدل على أن الجسم سوف يدور في النهاية مع عقارب الساعة.
حاسبة محصلة العزوم
قوة 1
ملاحظة مهمة: متى ينعدم عزم الدوران لجسم؟
لاحظ: أي قوة تمر بمحور الدوران أو توازي محور الدوران فإن عزمها معدوم.
في هذه المحاكاة يوجد أوزان مختلفة على لعبة الميزان لكل منهما عزم دوران. القوة المؤثرة هي وزن الجسم. في الطرف الأيسر الجسم وزنه ثابت \[F_0=12.5 N\]
نقطة ارتكاز اللعبة هي الوتد
أكمل بيانات الجدول وفي كل مرة طبق على التجربة للتأكد من النتائج
| محصلة العزوم \[𝜏_{net}=𝜏_1+𝜏_0\] | عزم القوة على يسار الوتد \[𝜏_0=𝑟_0 \cdot 𝐹_0 \cdot \sin{90}\] | عزم القوة على يمين الوتد \[𝜏_1=𝑟_1 \cdot 𝐹_1 \cdot \sin{90}\] |
|---|---|---|
| \[𝜏_{net}=........\] | \[m_1=5 \, Kg, \, r_1=10 \, m\] \[................\] | \[m_2=8 \, Kg, \, r_1=6 \, m\] \[................\] |
| \[𝜏_{net}=........\] | \[m_1=7 \, Kg, \, r_1=3 \, m\] \[................\] | \[m_2=9 \, Kg, \, r_2=3 \, m\] \[................\] |
| \[𝜏_{net}=........\] | \[m_1=3 \, Kg, \, r_1=8 \, m\] \[................\] | \[m_2=8 \, Kg, \, r_2=3 \, m\] \[................\] |
| \[𝜏_{net}=........\] | \[m_1=5 \, Kg, \, r_1=10 \, m\] \[................\] | \[m_2=2 \, Kg, \, r_1=2 \, m\] \[................\] |
المصدر: https://www.golabz.eu/lab/circular-motion-9
Physics
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